Abiotic stress of plant
A team of Gao Huiling / Liu Jinlong from northwest agricultural and Forestry University and Zheng Qingsong from Nanjing Agricultural University found that putrescine metabolizable energy regulated the biphasic effect of Brassinolide on salt tolerance of rape and Arabidopsis.
It is known that brassinosteroids (BRS) can improve the salt tolerance of plants, but it is not effective in all cases. In this study, Gao Huiling / Liu Jinlong team from northwest agricultural and Forestry University and Zheng Qingsong team from Nanjing Agricultural University found that a certain concentration of EBL (an active BR) promoted the salt tolerance of rape under high salt stress, but the same concentration was unfavorable to the salt tolerance of oil and vegetable under low salt stress. They defined this phenomenon as a hormone stress-dependent biphasic (SLDB) effect. The SLDB effect of EBL on salt tolerance is closely related to the accumulation of H2O2, which is regulated by polyamine metabolism, especially putrescine oxidation. The inhibition of EBL on Rape under low salt stress can be improved by inhibiting the biosynthesis of put or the activity of diamine oxidase to reduce the production of H2O2. The genetic and phenotypic results of bri1-9, bak1-d, bzr1-1d mutants, BRI1 and BAK1 overexpression lines in Arabidopsis showed that properly enhancing br signal was beneficial to improving plant resistance to salt stress, while over enhancing was just as harmful as lack. These results showed the interaction between br signal transduction and put metabolism in H2O2 accumulation, which indicated the dual role of Br in plant salt tolerance.
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https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/pce.13757
Signal transduction
Song Chunpeng's team from school of life sciences, Henan University found that trehalose and abscisic acid had synergistic effects on root growth and stomatal closure.
Trehalose is synthesized from trehalose-6-phosphate (t6p) and trehalose-6-phosphate phosphatase (TPP), which plays an important role in plant growth and stress response. In this study, song Chunpeng, a team from the school of life sciences, Henan University, found that trehalose and abscisic acid (ABA) had synergistic effects on root growth and stomatal closure. Arabidopsis genome contains 10 genes encoding TPPs, in which the expression level of tppe and trehalose content increase with the increase of ABA. In the presence of ABA, ABA responsive transcription factor abf2 binds directly to tppe promoter and activates its expression. Genetic analysis showed that tppe acted on the downstream of abf2, the expression of tppe and trehalose content in abf2 mutant decreased, and the mutation in tppe eliminated the ABA sensitive root elongation phenotype in 35S: abf2 plants. The results showed that tppe could not respond to ABA induced ROS accumulation, which indicated that tppe participated in Aba controlled root elongation and stomatal movement. This study revealed a new branch of ABA signaling pathway and provided a molecular basis for trehalose's role in abiotic stress response in plants.
Scan and read the original https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jipb.12925
Crop genetics and breeding
Christian Jung's team at Kiel University in Germany obtained the mutant with significantly reduced phytic acid content through gene knockout.
As a kind of protein diet, the commercialization of Brassica napus has attracted more and more attention due to its balanced amino acid and protein content. Phytic acid (PA) is the main source of phosphorus in plants, but due to its adverse effect on the absorption of essential minerals in human body, it is considered to have anti nutritional effect on monogastric animals including human beings. Undigested PA can lead to eutrophication, which may threaten aquatic organisms. PA accounts for 2-5% of the mature seeds of Brassica napus, which is synthesized by a complex way involving a variety of enzymes. It is a challenging job to breed the recessive character of polyploid, because the gene function is encoded by several side homologous genes. Gene redundancy usually needs to knock out several gene copies to study its potential role. In this study, Christian Jung's team from Kiel University in Germany used CRISPR - CAS mutagenesis to knock out three functional side homologues of three bnitpk. They obtained a low PA mutant in Haydn, a rape spring variety, in which the free phosphorus content increased. These mutants not only improve the protein value of rapeseed, but also have no negative effect on the oil content of rapeseed.
Scan and read the original https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/pbi.13380
Plant growth and regulation
The James J. Giovanni team of Cornell University revealed the specific effects of carotenoids and ABA on fruit development and maturity.
Spontaneous mutations in tomato fruit specific carotenoid biosynthesis genes have led to a deeper understanding of carotenoid production related to ripening. In this study, James J. Giovanni team from Cornell University confirmed that the carotene dehydrogenase (ZDS) is encoded by a single gene in tomato, which is regulated by mature transcription factors Rin, nor and ethylene. The manipulation of ZDS was realized by transgenic inhibition and heterologous overexpression in tomato. After RNAi inhibition driven by camv35s, it was found that the biosynthesis of carotenoids in all detected aboveground tissues was inhibited, which resulted in the increase of ζ - carotenoid isomers and upstream carotenoids, while all downstream trans lycopene and subsequent photoprotective carotenoids and lutein decreased. As a result, immature fruits showed photobleaching consistent with the decrease in photoprotective carotene levels, and developmental phenotypes associated with the decrease in carotenoid derived plant hormone abscisic acid (ABA). The ripening fruit inhibited by ZDS did not contain typical red carotenoid, all trans lycopene, and showed bright yellow pigment due to the increased 9,9'di-cis-ζ-carotene. The overexpression of Arabidopsis ZDS (atzds) gene bypasses the endogenous CO inhibition, and reveals that ZDS is another bottleneck in the formation of carotene related to tomato ripening. In addition to a number of ripening parameters, quantitative analysis of carotenoids was also carried out in ZDS changed lines and ABA deficient fruit specific carotenoid mutants to distinguish the phenotype results of ABA from other effects of ZDS manipulation, and to reveal the unique and dynamic ζ - carotenoid isomer spectrum in mature fruit.
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https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/pbi.13377
Abiotic stress of plant
The debasis Chattopadhyay team of the National Institute of plant genomics in India found that cytokinin regulation can have a positive effect on the root of chickpea.
Cytokinins regulate the elongation and branching of roots in the later stage of embryonic development. Cytokinin oxidase / dehydrogenase (ckxs), a cytokinin degrading enzyme, has been used to study the biological activity of cytokinin and promote the growth of roots. Debasis Chattopadhyay's team from the National Institute of plant genomics of India expressed cackx6 in Arabidopsis thaliana and chickpea, respectively, under the control of root specific promoter cawrky31 of chickpea, and studied the effect of cytokinin depletion on root growth and drought tolerance. The root specific expression of cackx6 resulted in a significant increase in the number of lateral roots and root biomass of Arabidopsis and chickpea, but had no effect on their vegetative and reproductive growth. The activity of CKX in the roots of transgenic chickpea lines increased. The transgenic lines of chickpea showed higher root stem biomass ratio and enhanced long-term drought tolerance. These chickpea lines have not been damaged in terms of root nodule and nitrogen fixation. The highest grain yield of some lines was 25%, and there was no loss of protein content. Transgenic chickpea seeds contain high levels of zinc, iron, potassium and copper. The results of this study show that the method of increasing the number of lateral roots and root biomass by regulating cytokinin level is potential for improving the agronomic characters of an edible legume crop with uncertain growth habits.
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https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/pbi.13378
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